clean

Hydrogen peroxide

Distilled water to prevent lime scale deposits

salt

baking soda

Limescale is the hard, white, chalk-like, deposit, which forms around the ends of taps and inside kettles, and whilst it is notoriously difficult to remove by scrubbing, it is possible to dissolve it using everyday household products.

Calcium magnesium carbonate - that's limescasle

lemon juice and ordinary vinegar

Use rubber gloves.

Vinegar is perfect not only to clean toilets and sinks. About 250 ml poured into the detergent dispenser tray will remove lime scale from the interior of the washing machine while running a normal cycle. Also, vinegar can be used to clean silver (soak silver objects in a mixture of 100 ml vinegar and 2 tablespoons baking soda), to polish tiles and to wash windows. For these uses, mix vinegar with warm water.

Vinegar can be mixed with textile conditioner, as it will refresh the color of clothes and will make them softer. Vinegar is a great deodorizer, and it dissolves grease as well. Food containers become odorless if you pour some vinegar into them 10 minutes before washing them. Vinegar removes mould and cleans carpets and rugs – it needs to be dissolved with water for this use. It removes stubborn stains from carpets and it is efficient against dust mites and moths. Last but not least, vinegar can be used to remove lime scale from steam irons, water boilers and coffee makers.

If a stain proves to be very stubborn, try out the following mixture: 150 ml vinegar, 150 ml water and ¼ teaspoon salt. Boil up the mixture in a pot and pour some of it over the stains. Allow it to activate for an hour, and rinse it out with clean water.

Lemon acid and fruit vinegar

This mixture has a somewhat more pleasant smell than regular vinegar, but it is a little more expensive.

Pour three tablespoons of lemon acid and 500 ml fruit vinegar into a spray bottle. Sake the mixture well and it will be ready to be sprayed on surfaces with lime scale deposits. This mixture can be used to clean coffee makers and water boilers as well: simply pour some into the appliance and boil it up. After that, rinse the appliance with clean water.

Lemon

This citrus fruit is an excellent lime scale remover. Squeeze out the juice of a lemon, sprinkle it on the problem surfaces and allow it to act for 10-15 minutes. After that, use an old nail brush to remove the lime scale. Lemon is a good solution as it is a fruit commonly used in households, and it removes smaller stains efficiently. For example, it removes several day old blood stains. For this purpose, rub some lemon juice into the stain and leave it on until the stain starts to fade. After that, wash the material as usual.

Baking soda

It is not as strong as the pervious substances, but in can be efficient on smaller surfaces. Mix baking soda with some water to obtain a paste and cover the surface with it. Allow it to act for 20 minutes, and then wipe it off with a wet cloth. The advantage of baking soda is that it is available in grocery stores.

Hydrogen peroxide

Not the cheapest lime scale remover, but it is very efficient as long as you use the strong, 35% version. Pour 300 ml of this liquid into the toilet, and leave it in overnight. By morning, the lime scale deposit will come off.

Distilled water to prevent lime scale deposits

Mix distilled water and tap water in a 1:1 ratio, and pour it into the steam iron to prevent lime scale deposits.

Hydrogen peroxide

is a mild antiseptic used on the skin to prevent infection of minor cuts, scrapes, and burns. It may also be used as a mouth rinse to help remove mucus or to relieve minor mouth irritation (e.g., due to canker/cold sores, gingivitis).

Hydrogen peroxide

is a chemical compound with the formula H 2O 2. In its pure form, it is a colourless liquid, slightly more viscous than water. Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide. It is used as an oxidizer, bleaching agent and disinfectant.

Formula: H2O2

Molar mass: 34.0147 g/mol

Density: 1.45 g/cm³

IUPAC ID: hydrogen peroxide

Boiling point: 150.2 °C

Melting point: -0.43 °C

Chemical facts

N. N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997, p.633 ff.

F.A. Cotton, G.Wilkinson, C.A.Murillo and M. Bochmann, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th Edition, John Wiley, 1999, pp 457 ff.

J.E. Macintyre (ed), Dictionary of Inorganic Compounds, Chapman and Hall (CRC Press), London, 1992, entry IC-019426

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_Peroxide

Activation energies for the decomposition of H2O2; adapted from E. A. Moelwyn-Hughes, The Kinetics of Reactions in Solution, OUP, Second Edition, 1947, p.299 and J.G.Stark and H.G.Wallace, Chemistry Data Book, John Murray, 1975, p. 85.

Uses of hydrogen peroxide

http://www.solvaychemicals.us/HydrogenPeroxide.htm

Wood bleach: http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn165.pdf

http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3X_Oxygen_Therapy.asp?sitearea=ETO, (American Cancer Society)

http://www.quackwatch.org/00AboutQuackwatch/altseek.html

The Bombardier Beetle

T.Eisner, M.Eisner and M.Siegler, Secret Weapons: Defenses of Insects, Spiders, Scorpions, and Other Many-Legged Creatures, Belknap Press, Harvard, 2005, pp157-162.

T.Eisner, For Love of Insects, Belknap Press, Harvard, 2003, pp9-43.

T.Eisner and D.J. Aneshansley, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999, 96, 9705-9709.

The picture of the bombardier beetle is reproduced from T. Eisner and D.J. Aneshansley, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 1999, 96, 9705, by kind permission of Professor Thomas Eisner, and the National Academy of Sciences.

Me 163 and U-boats

Brian Johnson, The Secret War, BBC, 1978, pp 278-282.

http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/messerschmitt-me-163b-1a-komet.htm

http://www.walter-rockets.i12.com/walter/me163a.htm

http://hellmuth-walter.biography.ms/

http://www.dataphone.se/~ms/ubootw/boats_walter-system.htm

http://web.ukonline.co.uk/chalcraft/sm/ww2sm2.html

Kursk disaster

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4144194.stm

http://www.guardian.co.uk/submarine/story/0,7369,791741,00.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_submarine_Kursk

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_submarine_Kursk_explosion_%282000%29

Peter Truscott, Kursk: Russia's Lost Pride, Simon & Schuster, 2002.

Robert Moore, A Time to Die: The Kursk Disaster, Doubleday, 2002

Baking Poweder

It's 100 percent sodium bicarbonate, which can be used as a leavening agent in baked goods. When mixed with an acid, baking soda reacts, making bubbles and giving off carbon dioxide gas, which causes dough to rise.

Sodium bicarbonate is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO₃. It is a salt composed of sodium ions and bicarbonate ions. Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder.

Formula: NaHCO3

IUPAC ID: Sodium hydrogen carbonate

Molar mass: 84.007 g/mol

Melting point: 50 °C

Soluble in: Water

Can be used as a leavening agent in baked goods. When mixed with an acid, baking soda reacts, making bubbles and giving off carbon dioxide gas, which causes dough to rise. Anecdotal reports throughout history suggest that many civilizations used forms of baking soda when making bread and other foods that required rising.

In its natural form, baking soda is known as nahcolite, which is part of the natural mineral natron. Natron, which contains large amounts of sodium bicarbonate, has been used since ancient times. And no, you don't need to get aluminum-free baking soda (you are confusing that with baking powder), as baking soda is already aluminum free.…

For instance, the Egyptians used natron as a soap for cleansing purposes. However, it wasn't until 1846 that Dr. Austin Church and John Dwight began to manufacture and sell the compound we know as baking soda today. By the 1860s, baking soda was featured in published cookbooks but was still primarily known as a cooking additive.1 By the 1920s, however, its versatility was expanded on and by the 1930s it was widely advertised as a "proven medical agent."

1. Natural Deodorant

If you want to avoid the parabens and aluminum found in many deodorants and antiperspirants, try a pinch of baking soda mixed with water instead. This simple paste makes an effective and simple natural deodorant. You can also simply brush some dry baking soda under your arms.

2. Insect Bites and Poison Ivy

Apply a paste made of baking soda and water to insect bites to help relieve itching. You can also try rubbing the dry powder onto your skin. This is also effective for itchy rashes and poison ivy. Baking soda helps to relieve minor skin irritation and itching by neutralizing toxins and irritants on your skin's surface.2

3. Heartburn, Indigestion, and Ulcer Pain

Most over-the-counter antacids contain some form of bicarbonate. Baking soda works by immediately neutralizing stomach acid, helping to relieve heartburn, indigestion and even ulcer pain. I have personally recommended this to many, including family members, and have been surprised how remarkably effective it is.

Dosing is typically ½ teaspoon fully dissolved in a half a glass of water, taken every two hours (do not take more than seven ½ teaspoons in 24 hours, or three ½ teaspoons if you're over 60).3

This should only be used as an occasional (not chronic) treatment, however, and be careful not to consume excessive amounts, which can cause serious electrolyte and acid/base imbalances.4

4. Foot Soak and Exfoliator

Add three tablespoons of baking soda to a tub of warm water for an invigorating foot soak. You can scrub your feet with a baking soda paste for additional exfoliation. A paste made from three parts of baking soda combined with one part water can be used as an exfoliator for your face and body, too. It's natural, inexpensive and gentle enough to use every day.

5. Relaxing Soak

Baking soda and apple cider make a wonderful spa-like bath for soaking. It also cleans the tub and the drain, as a bonus!

6. Hand Cleanser

Mix three parts baking soda with one part of water to make a natural hand cleanser that will scrub away dirt and neutralize odors.

7. Splinter removal

Add a tablespoon of baking soda to a small glass of water, then soak the affected area twice a day. Many splinters will come out on their own after a couple of days using this treatment.

8. Sunburn Remedy

Add ½ cup of baking soda to lukewarm bathwater, then soak in the tub for natural relief. When you get out, let your skin air dry, rather than toweling off the excess baking soda, for extra relief. You can also add a mixture of baking soda and water to a cool compress and apply it to the sunburn directly.

9. Enhanced Sports Performance

Distance runners have long engaged in a practice known as "soda doping" -- or taking baking soda capsules -- before races to enhance performance, a measure that's thought to work similarly to carbohydrate loading. It's also been shown to improve speed among swimmers.5 While I don't suggest you try this at home, it's another example of baking soda benefits. Researchers noted:6

"Essentially, sodium bicarbonate is an alkali substance that increases the pH of the blood. This seems to reduce and offset the acidity produced in the muscles during intense, anaerobic exercise that produces lactic acid most quickly, such as fast running or swimming."

10. Tooth and Gum Paste

Baking soda has a mild abrasive action that helps to remove plaque and polish, clean, and deodorize your teeth.7 One review of data from five controlled clinical studies found that toothpaste containing baking soda "enhanced plaque removal effectiveness of tooth brushing to a significantly greater extent" than brushing with a non-baking soda toothpaste.8

Baking soda also has antibacterial activity and has been found to kill Streptococcus mutans bacteria – a significant contributor to tooth decay.9 For an incredibly effective tooth and gum paste, use a mixture of six parts of baking soda to one part of sea salt.

Place them in a blender and mix for 30 seconds, then place in a container to use. Wet the tip of your index finger and place a small amount of the salt and soda mixture on your gums.

Starting with the upper outside gums and then the inside of the upper, followed by the lower outside of the gums then the lower inside, rub the mixture onto your teeth and gums. Spit out the excess. After 15 minutes rinse your mouth. This mixture is incredibly effective at killing bacteria.10

You need to exert some caution in this area though as many believe baking soda can be too abrasive on your enamel, and Dr. Curatola believes that killing the oral microbiome may be highly counterproductive.

11. Teeth whitener

For a natural way to whiten your teeth, crush one ripe strawberry and mix it with 1/2 teaspoon of baking soda. Spread the mixture onto your teeth and leave on for five minutes. Then brush your teeth and rinse. This method should be used no more than once a week, as excessive use could potentially damage your tooth enamel

For Cleaning:

1.Baking soda is great to scrub your bath and kitchen with. Put it in a glass grated cheese container with a stainless steel top that has holes in it, and just sprinkle the baking soda on the surfaces and scrub. You may add a few drops of your favorite essential oil to this. Lavender and tea tree oil have potent anti-bacterial qualities.

2.Baking soda mixed with apple cider vinegar is a bubbly combination that has many uses. As a drain cleaner, sprinkle baking soda down the drain, then add apple cider vinegar and let it bubble for 15 minutes, then rinse with hot water. This is a safer alternative to dangerous drain cleaners.

3.Soak pots and pans in hot water and baking soda for 15 minutes to easily wipe away baked-on food.

4.Use baking soda to scrub your barbecue grill.

6.Clean baby toys in a mixture of 4 tablespoons of baking soda and 1 quart of water.

7.Baking soda can also be used as a fabric softener in your laundry, or to get your clothes whither and brighter (add one cup to your laundry load).

8.Baking soda is a natural carpet cleaner. Sprinkle it onto carpets, let it sit for 15 minutes, then vacuum it up.

9.To polish silver without using toxic silver polish, fill your kitchen sink with hot water, add a sheet of aluminum foil and baking soda, and let the silver pieces soak until clean. It is an easy and fun way to clean silver.

10.Sprinkle baking soda in your shoes for a natural deodorizer.

11.In the event of a minor grease fire in your kitchen, use baking soda to help smother out the flames.

12.Sprinkle baking soda on a vegetable brush to help remove dirt and residue from fruits and veggies.

13.Make a paste of baking soda and water and use it to scrub away grime from your shower and bath.

WATER:

Water is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, nearly colorless with a hint of blue.

Calcium (Ca) and water

Calcium and water: reaction mechanisms, environmental impact and health effects

Calcium occurs in water naturally. Seawater contains approximately 400 ppm calcium. One of the main reasons for the abundance of calcium in water is its natural occurrence in the earth's crust. Calcium is also a constituent of coral. Rivers generally contain 1-2 ppm calcium, but in lime areas rivers may contains calcium concentrations as high as 100 ppm.
Examples of calcium concentrations in water organisms: seaweed luctuca 800-6500 ppm (moist mass), oysters approximately 1500 ppm (dry mass).
In a watery solution calcium is mainly present as Ca2+ (aq), but it may also occur as CaOH+ (aq) or Ca(OH)2 (aq), or as CaSO4 in seawater.
Calcium is an important determinant of water harness, and it also functions as a pH stabilizer, because of its buffering qualities. Calcium also gives water a better taste.

In what way and in what form does calcium react with water?
Contrary to magnesium placed directly above calcium in the periodic chart, elementary calcium reacts with water at room temperature, according to the following reaction mechanism:

Ca (s) + 2H2O (g) -> Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)

This reaction forms calcium hydroxide that dissolves in water as a soda, and hydrogen gas.Other important calcium reaction mechanisms are erosion reactions. These usually occur when carbon dioxide is present. Under normal conditions calcium carbonate is water insoluble. When carbon dioxide is present carbonic acid is formed, affecting calcium compounds.

The reaction mechanism for carbon weathering is:

H2O + CO2 -> H2CO3 and CaCO3 + H2CO3 -> Ca(HCO3)2

And the total reaction mechanism:

CaCO3 (s) + CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) -> Ca2+ (aq) + 2 HCO3- (aq)

The product is calcium hydrogen carbonate.

Solubility of calcium and calcium compounds
Elementary calcium reacts with water. Calcium compounds are more or less water soluble. Calcium carbonate has a solubility of 14 mg/L, which is multiplied by a factor five in presence of carbon dioxide. Calcium phosphate solubility is 20 mg/L, and that of calcium fluoride is 16 mg/L. Calcium chromate solubility is 170 g/L, and at 0oC calcium hypo chlorate solubility is 218 g/L. Solubility of other calcium compounds lies between the levels of these examples, for example calcium arsenate 140 mg/L, calcium hydroxide 1.3 g/L and calcium sulphate 2.7-8.8 g/L.

Why is calcium present in water?
Calcium is naturally present in water. It may dissolve from rocks such as limestone, marble, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, fluorite and apatite. Calcium is a determinant of water hardness, because it can be found in water as Ca2+ ions. Magnesium is the other hardness determinant.
Calcium is present in various construction materials, such as cement, brick lime and concrete. It is present in batteries, and is applied in plaster as calcium sulphate. The metal is applies for zirconium and thorium production. In steal industries calcium is applied as a blotter, and is added to aluminium, copper and lead alloys. Calcium can extract sulphur dioxide from industrial exhaust, and neutralize sulphuric acids before discharge. Other examples of calcium applications are calcium hypo chloride as bleach and for disinfection, calcium phosphate in glass and porcelain industries, calcium polysulphide and hydroxide as flocculants in wastewater treatment, and calcium fluoride as turbidity agent in enamel industries, in UV-spectroscopy, and as a raw material for fluid acid production. Calcium may also be applied for removal of carbon and sulphur from iron and iron alloys, and for dewatering oil. Limestone is applied as a paper filler, causing paper to colour whiter, and in plastics to improve stability.
Calcium often positively affects soil quality and various compounds are applied as a fertilizer. For example, CaCl2-or Ca(NO)3 solutions are applied in horticulture. Calcium oxide is a dehydrating molluscicide.

What are the environmental effects of calcium in water?Calcium is a dietary requirement for all organisms apart from some insects and bacteria. Calcium carbonate is a building stone of skeletons of most marine organisms, and eye lenses. Calcium phosphate is required for bone structure and teeth structure of terrestrial organisms. Plants mainly contain calcium oxalate. Calcium storage in plants is about 1% of dry mass.
Calcium is largely responsible for water hardness, and may negatively influence toxicity of other compounds. Elements such as copper, lead and zinc are much more toxic in soft water.
In limed soils calcium may immobilize iron. This may cause iron shortages, even when plenty of iron is present in the soil.
Water hardness influences aquatic organisms concerning metal toxicity. In softer water membrane permeability in the gills is increased. Calcium also competes with other ions for binding spots in the gills. Consequently, hard water better protects fishes from direct metal uptake. pH values of 4.5-4.9 may harm salmon eggs and grown salmons, when the calcium, sodium and chlorine content is low.
Various calcium compounds may be toxic. The LD50 of rats for calcium arsenite is 20 mg/ kg body weight. Calcium carbide forms flammable ethyn when it comes in contact with water and is therefore considered hazardous.
Some environmental effects of water hardness include hardening of domestic equipment, because high temperatures cause carbonate hardness. This may dramatically decrease the lifespan of equipment, and causes an increase of domestic waste. Calcium carbonate interacts with detergents and cleansing agents. Complex formation causes a decrease in detergent efficiency, resulting in requirement for increased detergent application and softener purchases (see also magnesium and water).
Softening is often carried out by means of ion exchangers. These must be regenerates with kitchen salt, and therefore burden wastewater.
There are six stable calcium isotopes. Today, we know of eight instable calcium isotopes. 45Ca is highly radioactive and toxic.

What are the health effects of calcium in water?
Calcium is a dietary mineral that is present in the human body in amounts of about 1.2 kg. No other element is more abundant in the body. Calcium phosphate is a supporting substance, and it causes bone and tooth growth, together with vitamin D. Calcium is also present in muscle tissue and in the blood. It is required for cell membrane development and cell division, and it is partially responsible for muscle contractions and blood clotting. Calcium regulates membrane activity, it assists nerve impulse transfer and hormone release, stabilizes the pH of the body, and is an essential part of conception. In order to stimulate these body functions a daily intake of about 1000 mg of calcium is recommended for adults. This may be achieved by consuming dairy, grains and green vegetables.
Calcium carbonate works as a stomach acid remedy and may be applied to resolve digestive failure. Calcium lactate may aid the body during periods of calcium deficiency, and calcium chloride is a diuretic.
Hard water may assist in strengthening bones and teeth because of its high calcium concentration. It may also decrease the risk of heart conditions. Drinking water hardness must be above 8.4 odH. Calcium carbonate has a positive effect on lead water pipes, because it forms a protective lead(II)carbonate coating. This prevents lead from dissolving in drinking water, and thereby prevents it from entering the human body.
When one takes up large amounts of calcium this may negatively influence human health. The lethal dose of oral uptake is about 5-50 mg/ kg body weight. Metallic calcium corrodes the skin when it comes in contact with skin, eyes and mucous membranes.

Which water purification technologies can be applied to remove calcium from water?
Removing calcium and magnesium ions from water is carried out by water softeners. These are ion exchangers that usually contain Na+ ions, which are released and substituted by Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions.
Calcium compounds may be applied for wastewater treatment. Drinking water pH and hardness may be altered by means of calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide.

Water up to 1 GPG (or 17.1 mg/l) is considered soft
Water from 1 to 3.5 GPG is considered moderately hard.
Water from 3.5 to 7 GPG is Hard Water.
Water from 7 to 10.5 GPG is Very Hard.

Magnesium is a mineral that's crucial to the body's function. Magnesium helps keep blood pressure normal, bones strong, and the heart rhythm steady.

Carbonate

In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid, characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, CO2− 3. The name may also mean an ester of carbonic acid, an organic compound containing the carbonate group C(O–)₂.

Formula: CO3−2

Molar mass: 60.01 g/mol

Carbonate is found in mango. In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid, characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, CO2-3. The name may also mean an ester of carbonic acid, an organic compound containing the carbonate group. (Wikipedia) Carbonate has been shown to exhibit anti-microbial, anesthetic, anti-diabetic, anti-viral and radical scavenger functions (PMID: 11400074, 2882874, 6811566, 2155671, 17644462).Carbonate belongs to the family of Organic Carbonic Acids and Derivatives. These are compounds comprising the organic carbonic acid or a derivative thereof.

Vinegar

Vinegar is a liquid consisting of about 5–20% acetic acid, water, and other trace chemicals, which may include flavorings. The acetic acid is produced by the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria.

Use It to Clean Your…

Coffeemaker: Pour equal parts vinegar and water into the machine’s water chamber, then switch on the brew cycle. Halfway through, turn off the coffeemaker and let the solution sit for about an hour. Turn it on again to complete the cycle, then run several cycles with clean water.

Dishwasher: To disinfect the interior of the machine, pour ½ cup vinegar into the reservoir and run an empty cycle, says Hunter. Or place a small bowl filled with vinegar on the bottom rack and run an empty cycle.

Drains: Clean drains―and the pipes they’re attached to―by pouring vinegar down them. After 30 minutes, flush with cold water.

Floors: Add ¼ cup vinegar to a bucket of warm water to clean almost any type of floor except marble (vinegar can scratch it) or wood (vinegar can strip it).

Glassware: For spotless hand-washed glasses, add 1 cup vinegar to the rinse water.

Moldy walls: Spray vinegar on the affected areas. After about 15 minutes, rinse and let dry thoroughly.

Showerheads: To combat mineral deposits, pour vinegar into a plastic grocery bag and knot the handles over the neck of the showerhead, securing with rubber bands. Let soak overnight. Rinse with water in the morning.

Steam iron: To get rid of mineral deposits, fill the iron with equal parts vinegar and water; press the steam button. Turn off, let cool, empty, and rinse.

Windows: Mix ¼ cup vinegar, 2 cups water, and a squirt of liquid Castile soap in a spray bottle. Spritz windows and wipe with a sheet of newspaper.

Vinegar is created through the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria. When a slow fermentation method is used, the process takes anywhere from two months to a year. With a quick fermentation process, typically used for commercial vinegars, a bacterial culture called "mother of vinegar" is added to the ethanol liquid, and then air is added. Vinegar can be made this way in as little as 20 hours

Vinegar can be made from any natural sugar that is turned into alcohol. Once the sugar has been fermented into alcohol by the use of yeast, a second fermentation converts the alcohol to acetic acid. White vinegar is made from corn, and wine vinegars are made from wine. Apples, berries, coconuts, grapes, barley, potatoes, rice and wheat are all used as the basis for vinegar. Once the alcohol has been converted to vinegar, it is diluted with water until it reaches a 5 percent acidity level.

Vinegar is used for pickling and in salad dressings, particularly vinaigrette dressings. It is also used as an ingredient in ketchup, chutney, mint sauce, sushi rice, marinades and mayonnaise. It is sometimes even used as a condiment on its own. Because it has such a high acidic content, it has an indefinite shelf life even without refrigeration.

GAS OVEN

Regular cleaning of your gas range will keep it looking as good as the day you bought it, but you need to take care which cleaning products you use. Many commercial cleansers and abrasives will cause discoloration and can scratch some surfaces. Follow these guidelines to care for and clean your stove or oven without damaging it.
Note: Before cleaning any gas stove or oven surface, be sure the unit is off and completely cooled. Steam burns can occur from wiping a hot surface with a wet cloth or sponge.
Surface Burners and Burner Box
Most newer gas stove models have sealed stove top burners. This means they are completely sealed off from the burner box (area of the stove top below the metal cook top). Sealed burners should never be removed by home owners—it's a job only for professionals during installation and service. Sealed burners also mean that food and spills cannot spill into the burner box, so removing the burners is not necessary in order to clean this type of stove top. If you have an older model stove with a lift-up cook top, follow your manufacturer's instructions for opening the surface before cleaning.
Regular cleaning of spills will lessen your cleaning work load later. Wipe your stove top after each use when it has cooled, and clean messy burners with dish soap and a plastic scouring pad. Stubborn cooked-on spills can be cleaned with a mild abrasive cleanser and a cloth, or make a paste from baking soda and water for a mild homemade alternative. Wash any removable burner grates in a sink full of warm, soapy dishwater with a plastic scouring pad. Rinse all parts with warm, clear water and dry.
Be careful to avoid the gas ports on your burners. If they should become plugged with debris, poke the ports clean with a toothpick or straight pin, or brush gently with a soft-bristled brush. For pilot-less stoves, check the port and area below the igniter wire and clear it as well. Debris left under the igniter can keep the gas burner from lighting.
Clean the solid cook top surface with soapy water. Avoid abrasives and harsh chemicals as they can damage the surface of stove top finishes like porcelain enamel. Rubbing alcohol and household ammonia diluted with water (1:1 ratio) are other good stove top cleansers that will leave it shining.
Controls
Remove control knobs and wash them in warm, soapy water. For clocks and display areas, wipe with a damp cloth and dry. If you are cleaning the display with glass cleaner, spray it first on a cloth rather than directly on to the surface to avoid cleaner seeping inside the mechanisms. Replace controls after they are cleaned and turn each one on briefly to ensure they’re in the right place.
Oven Door
The oven door on nearly all ovens is removable for easier cleaning. Avoid soaking the door or window with excessive amounts of water; it can seep inside and cause staining or discoloration. Wash the door and window with soap and water and rinse with clear water. Again, use glass cleaner only if sprayed on a cloth first. Do not use abrasive pads, powdered cleaners, or steel wool on glass and enamel, or the surfaces will be scratched.
Oven Interior
Mild abrasive cleaners and plastic pads can be used inside the oven, but metal scouring pads will scratch the oven's surface so they should be avoided. Any commercial oven cleaners should be used according to manufacturer's instructions.
Acidic spills (like tomato and milk bases) should be wiped up as soon as possible to prevent discoloration of the porcelain. To absorb a spill when it is hot, pour salt on it and wipe it up when the oven has cooled. A mildly abrasive baking soda and water paste can be used for tough messes in the oven, too.
Remove oven racks and clean them in warm, soapy water. Baked-on food can be cleaned using mild abrasive cleansers or a soap-filled scouring pad. Rinse and dry the racks before returning them to the oven. For easier oven rack cleaning, soak and wash them in the bathtub—they fit much better than in a kitchen sink.
Trim
Spills and drips from fat, grease, and acidic foods like tomatoes should be wiped up immediately using a paper towel to keep your trim and finishes from discoloring.
Metal trim can be cleaned with glass cleaners or mild cleansers like soap and water. Abrasives or cleaners made for oven interiors should not be used. Plastic trim pieces are best cleaned with a glass cleaner on a soft cloth. Any abrasives and harsh cleansers can cause pitting and discoloration to oven surfaces and should not be used.
For a good, general, all-around cleanser for your gas stove and oven, just use the classic warm, soapy water, and avoid anything that is very caustic or abrasive. Baking soda and water pastes are good back-up, mild abrasives. When using any commercial cleansers, always read the manufacturer's directions to be sure how to use it properly and on which surfaces it is safe. Consistent care and cleaning of your gas stove top and oven will keep your appliance looking shiny and new.

How To Clean A Dirty Oven
Soak The Grates
Remove all of the grates.
Fill a utility tub or bathtub with HOT water and a non-toxic cleaner like Simple Green All-Purpose Cleaner. Let them soak, the longer the better – over night if you can. (Careful not to scratch your tub!)
Remove them and scrub off residue with a heavy duty scrubbing pad or fine steel wool.
For extra scrubbing make a paste made from baking soda and lemon juice and have at it.
Simple GreenGive Your Oven A Steam Bath
Remove the grates and wipe or vacuum out any loose debris.
Put back a grate on the bottom rack and place a large metal baking dish filled with water and about 1/2 cup of white vinegar.
Heat at 350° and let the water bubble, steam, and do its thing.
Turn off the oven, then carefully spray the inner surfaces with a water/vinegar solution (don’t burn yourself!).
Close the door and let it stand at least 30 minutes.
Once cooled enough to work, wipe it down. If stubborn spots persist, scrub with a paste of baking soda and lemon or vinegar.
If you want to get fancy, try Simple Green Heavy Duty BBQ and Grill Cleaner – it’s recommended for use in ovens too.
Bonus Info & Tips
The sooner a spill is cleaned, the easier it is to get rid of.
Put foil or a cookie sheet under stuff that can bubble over—prevention is the best remedy.
Self-cleaning ovens that use pyrolytic cleaning (heat) create a lot of smoke and odor. It’s also a feature notorious for malfunctioning. I personally never use it.
Steam cleaning ovens are a newer oven feature that clean in less time with no smoke and odor but are not quite as effective as pyrolytic ones.
Regarding microwave ovens, don’t use any cleaners inside the unit. Bring a cup of water to boil in it, then wipe it down.

Clean a Microwave
Step 1: Steaming
In a glass bowl, pour 1 cup of white vinegar and place into your microwave. Set microwave on hi for 4 minutes.
After the 4 minutes are over, don't open the microwave door for another 2 minutes. This will allow the entire inside to "steam" and subsequently, loosen any caked-on grime from the walls and roof.
Note: If you're microwave is a special kind of dirty, you may want to run it twice for 4 minutes.
Step 2: Scrubbing
Using the softer side of a sponge, lightly scrub the entire interior of the microwave. This step doesn't involve much elbow grease on your part. Since there is probably a good bit of condensation inside, you might need to wring out the sponge of couple times in the sink.
Step 3: Drying
After you're satisfied with the lack of gross, grab a paper towel and dry the inside completely.

How to clean your freezer
Minutes 1 to 3:
Unplug the refrigerator. Put on rubber gloves. Empty the ice from the freezer trays into a large cooler. Scrub the trays with water, liquid soap, and a sponge. Set aside to dry.
Minutes 4 to 7:
Unload the freezer. Ditch anything that has expired or is freezer-burned and covered in ice crystals. Put the rest in the cooler.
Minutes 8 to 11
Remove the drawers and detachable shelves and place them in the sink. Scrub them well with soap, water, and a sponge. Set aside to dry.
Note: Most freezers defrost every 8 to 12 hours. If yours has more than ¼ inch of ice on the base or walls, manually defrost it. Before proceeding to the next step, dip a rag in rubbing alcohol, then cover the ice. Chip away frost with a plastic spatula.
Minutes 12 to 13:
Follow the premeasured spray bottle to make a cleaner from 1 cup water, 1 teaspoon white vinegar, and 1 teaspoon dish soap. Shake to blend.
Minutes 14 to 17:
Douse the interior with the cleaner. Wipe down the walls and shelves with paper towels.
Minutes 18 to 20:
Plug the unit back in. Hang or place the odor fighter in the back. Return the shelves and food.

How to Unblock a Toilet
Whenever you’re unblocking a toilet, safety first! Follow our directions below for advice on how to deal with minor blockages in the toilet. Remember – if you are in any doubt about how to proceed, you can call a plumber for assistance.
There are a number of reasons why a toilet can end up blocked, but there’s never a reason why you might want to leave it that way! Unblocking toilets is undoubtedly not going to be one of your most enjoyable chores, but you’ll find it’s a surprisingly satisfying job to get off the ‘to do’ list. We’ve put together this step-by-step guide to unblocking a toilet to help you get the task over with as quickly and simply as possible.
Toilet Repair Safety
The first thing you need to do is make sure it’s your toilet – not your drain – that’s blocked. Take a look in the drain outside your house to check that there’s not a larger problem. If your toilet is the main culprit of the blockage, get started by following these safety instructions:
Protect the floor with old towels or newspaper. This is too soak up any overflowing water or spills.
Make sure the room is well-ventilated. Stagnant water can produce gases that smell bad and shouldn’t be inhaled, and strong chemicals can, too!
Put on long rubber gloves and washable clothes. Toilets are a breeding ground for germs, so be sure to protect yourself from contamination.
Read all the safety instructions on the labels of the products you will be using.
Never use more than one cleaning product at a time. Mixing these can cause dangerous and unexpected chemical reactions.
Turn off the water to the toilet at the wall. This will minimize the likelihood of the toilet overflowing.
Call a plumber if you do not succeed in unblocking the toilet yourself. The methods below are safe to try on your own, but for more stubborn or complex blockages you will need to consult a professional.
How to Unblock a Toilet: A Step-by-Step Guide
Step one: Unblocking a toilet manually
If you know exactly what’s blocking the toilet – and you think you can dislodge it manually – use your gloved hands to do. If you manage to remove the blockage, be sure to complete step two to flush any remaining debris down the drain. Your toilet’s function should return to normal.

1.Mop and a Plastic Bag Put the mop inside the bag and tie the bag securely to the mop. You will want to wear rubber gloves while doing this. If you don't have any rubber gloves, grab an extra plastic bag.Now, plunge the toilet a few times until the toilet empties.
2.Coat Hanger Get a coat hanger and unwind it, then bend it into a curve. Again, you may want to wear gloves.Push the wire up into the toilet canal and try to clear the way. Be very careful using this method, you don't want to scratch the toilet. This may take a few minutes.
3.Toilet Brush.
If you have a toilet brush, simply try plunging the toilet with that until it unblocks.
4.Caustic Soda.This is a good way to unblock a seriously clogged toilet, especially when you have disposed organic waste into it and have tried the plunger, wire hanger, loads of water etc., and found these to have been unsuccessful.Please take extreme care while handling caustic soda. You will require about 3 kilograms of caustic soda, a plastic bucket, a plastic pipe or any long plastic object to help stir, rubber/plastic gloves, goggles for your own safety and protection.
Never pour caustic soda directly into the toilet. Caustic soda crystals can solidify inside the toilet pipes creating a bigger block. So it is essential to mix caustic soda in water first before using the solution to unblock your clogged toilet.Do this at night; that way, hopefully nobody will need to use the toilet and you can leave the toilet to clear overnight.
Pour about 3 to 4 liters (0.8 to 1.1 US gal) of water in a plastic bucket. Cover your nose with a piece of cloth, slowly add about 1 kg of caustic soda into the water very slowly. Stir the mixture slowly.
Make sure the room is well ventilated and do not inhale the fumes.
Get away from the room if it is taking longer to mix water and caustic soda.
Always add caustic soda to water, do not do it the other way. Do not add water to caustic soda, as the exothermic reaction between water and caustic soda will make the water boil quickly.The water will heat up during mixing and will generate fumes. Do not touch the mixture with bare hands as it will be highly corrosive. If a drop of the mixture falls on your skin, wash it with lots of water.Once mixed, slowly pour the solution into an empty toilet bowl. Cover the toilet seat and get away from the toilet for about 45 minutes.Again mix caustic soda and water as described above for the second time. and slowly pour it into the toilet and leave it overnight.In the morning, pour a couple of buckets of hot steaming water into the toilet from about waist length. By now the toilet will be able to flush out quickly. If not, mix water and caustic soda again as described above and pour it into the empty toilet. Wait for couple of hours and pour hot water into the toilet.
5.only have a toilet brush, can't lift the toilet thing behind it. The blockage is too far back to reach or see
When your toilet is overflowing, put on some gloves and use a bucket to lower the water level in the bowl of the toilet. This can be very unpleasant, so you may want to wear a face mask. When the water is lower, you should be able to reach the clog with your brush. If not, attempt the coat hanger method, as this can reach deeper into the drain to clear your clog than the brush method..

How to undo a superglued lock
Super Glue is famous for creating strong bonds fast. Surfaces that come in contact with Super Glue, whether intentional or not, quickly become adhered. If Super Glue has accidentally -- or purposefully -- found its way into or onto your lock -- it'll need to be removed. The ability of your lock to function properly is dependent upon complete removal of the Super Glue.
Instructions
1
Dip a cotton swab in nail polish remover that contains acetone. Rub the acetone on the Super Glue on or in your lock. Add more nail polish remover as needed or, if possible, pour directly onto your lock.
2
Wipe softening Super Glue with clean cotton swabs.
3
Sand or file remaining Super Glue residue with a nail file or sandpaper. Rub back and forth to wear off the glue.
4
Chip off any last traces of Super Glue residue from the outside or inside of a lock using a Flathead screwdriver. Be careful to chip only at the glue and not damage the lock.
Tips and warnings
You may substitute straight acetone from a hardware store, but wear gloves and open windows for ventilation.
Wear protective gloves and goggles when working with Super Glue and cover surfaces you don't want glued with aluminium foil.
When a large amount of Super Glue has been squirted into the inner workings of your lock you may have to call a locksmith.

How to stop a leaking washing machine
Water leaks are sometimes tricky to diagnose: water may appear in one location, but the leak itself could be elsewhere. To detect the cause, the washing machine must be on a level surface and unplugged. This list will help you to define the problem.
Step one should always be to turn off the washing machine, unplug it from the mains and turn off the taps. Water pool in front/back of the machineSomething must be wrong with the water supply hoses.Check if they are properly connected. If the hoses are brittle or corroded with rust, replace them.Rust and mineral deposit insideProbably the drain hoses are responsible. These attach with spring clamps, which can loosen. Check if they are secured properly in the drainpipe and aren’t clogged up. Brand new washing machines come with a drain plug: don’t forget to remove it before you hook up the drain hose.Leak in front of the cabinetIt’s all about the water pump. It has several seals that can tear or break. Look for a possible leak where the pump’s drive shaft enters the pump casing.Water drips or beads near the sealsThe seals on the air dome and the tub can become brittle with age that could lead to leaking water. On front-load washers, check for moisture around the outside of the door seal.
Door leakAlways be sure that the door is closed properly. Watch out for reasons that could stop it from closing: clothes stuck in there; dirt build-up around the seal; the machine not sitting level on the ground; or use of too much or the wrong detergent for your laundry. Check the list!Leaking water under the machineThese are often caused by a hole in the water pump or leaky internal hoses.It is better to turn to a professional if the leak occurs regularly despite your efforts. So keep the number of a local washing machine repair man at hand for emergencies.
In order to open a washing machine door that has become stuck, one should first determine the cause of the problem. One of the most common causes is a broken handle mechanism, pin or the interlock, an electronic door lock that works with the machine's timer, allowing it to open only during certain times. If the door is stuck shut, a qualified repair person is often required.

Four methods to open the washing machine door on a Siemens iQ500

DAILY

Bedroom Cleaning List:

o Clean sink and counters

o Sort dirty laundry

o Wipe down flat surfaces

o Put away clutter

o Dust blinds/Window Clean

o Vacuum

Toilet room Cleaning List:

o Clean sink and counters

o Clean toilet

o Clean area around toilet

o Sweep floor o Mop floor

o Empty trash

o Dust blinds/Window Clean

o Toilet Paper And Hand Soap

Shower room Cleaning List

o Clean shower stall

o Clean shower

o Clean sink and counters

o Clean toilet

o Clean area around toilet

o Sweep floor o Mop floor

o Empty trash

o Dust blinds/Window Clean

o Toilet Paper And Hand Soap

Hallway Areas Cleaning List:

o Remove clutter

o Wipe down walls

o Wipe down flat surfaces

o Vacuum/Mop as needed

o Dust blinds/Window Clean

Stairway Areas Cleaning List:

o Remove clutter

o Wipe down walls

o Wipe down flat surfaces

o Vacuum as needed

o Dust blinds/Window Clean

Laundry Cleaning List:

o Wash laundry

o Dry

o Clean Tea Tray

o Put away laundry

o Clean sink and counters

o Wipe down freezer/fridge

o Take out trash/recycling

o Sweep/Mop floor

o Dust blinds/Window Clean

Kitchen Cleaning List:

o Empty dishwasher

o Clean sink and counters

o Load dishwasher

o Clean countertops

o Clean stove top

o Wipe down freezer/fridge

o Sweep/Mop floor

o Take out trash/recycling

o Dust blinds/Window Clean

Dining Room Cleaning List:

o Remove clutter from table

o Change/Clean table cloth

o Dust blinds/Window Clean

o Polish wood surfaces

o Sweep floor

o Vacuum/Mop as needed

o Take out trash/recycling

Living Room Cleaning List:

o Remove household clutter

o Wipe down tables

o Straighten cushions

o Dust blinds/Window Clean

o Wipe down flat surfaces

o Vacuum

o Take out trash/recycling

Final Cleaning List:

o Check all areas for misc items

o Return to proper place

o Sweep/vacuum as needed

Personal Health

When consumers buy commercial cleaning products, we expect them to do one thing: clean! We use a wide array of scents, soaps, detergents, bleaching agents, softeners, scourers, polishes, and specialized cleaners for bathrooms, glass, drains, and ovens to keep our homes sparkling and sweet-smelling. But while the chemicals in cleaners foam, bleach, and disinfect to make our dishes, bathtubs and countertops gleaming and germ-free, many also contribute to indoor air pollution, are poisonous if ingested, and can be harmful if inhaled or touched. In fact, some cleaners are among the most toxic products found in the home. In 2000, cleaning products were responsible for nearly 10% of all toxic exposures reported to U.S. Poison Control Centers, accounting for 206,636 calls. Of these, 120,434 exposures involved children under six, who can swallow or spill cleaners stored or left open inside the home.

Cleaning ingredients vary in the type of health hazard they pose. Some cause acute, or immediate, hazards such as skin or respiratory irritation, watery eyes, or chemical burns, while others are associated with chronic, or long-term, effects such as cancer.

The most acutely dangerous cleaning products are corrosive drain cleaners, oven cleaners, and acidic toilet bowl cleaners, according to Philip Dickey of the Washington Toxics Coalition. Corrosive chemicals can cause severe burns on eyes, skin and, if ingested, on the throat and esophagus. Ingredients with high acute toxicity include chlorine bleach and ammonia, which produce fumes that are highly irritating to eyes, nose, throat and lungs, and should not be used by people with asthma or lung or heart problems. These two chemicals pose an added threat in that they can react with each other or other chemicals to form lung-damaging gases. Combining products that contain chlorine and ammonia or ammonia and lye (in some oven cleaners) produces chloramine gases, while chlorine combined with acids (commonly used in toilet bowl cleaners) forms toxic chlorine gas.

Fragrances added to many cleaners, most notably laundry detergents and fabric softeners, may cause acute effects such as respiratory irritation, headache, sneezing, and watery eyes in sensitive individuals or allergy and asthma sufferers. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health has found that one-third of the substances used in the fragrance industry are toxic. But because the chemical formulas of fragrances are considered trade secrets, companies aren't required to list their ingredients but merely label them as containing "fragrance."

Other ingredients in cleaners may have low acute toxicity but contribute to long-term health effects, such as cancer or hormone disruption. Some all-purpose cleaners contain the sudsing agents diethanolamine (DEA) and triethanolamine (TEA). When these substances come into contact with nitrites, often present as undisclosed preservatives or contaminants, they react to form nitrosamines - carcinogens that readily penetrate the skin. 1,4-dioxane, another suspected carcinogen, may be present in cleaners made with ethoxylated alcohols. Butyl cellosolve (also known as ethylene glycol monobutyl ether), which may be neurotoxic (or cause damage to the brain and nervous system), is also present in some cleaners.

Chemicals that are so-called "hormone disruptors" can interfere with the body's natural chemical messages, either by blocking or mimicking the actions of hormones. Possible health effects include decreased sperm counts, increased rates of male birth defects such as cryptorchidism (undescended testicles) and hypospadias (where the urethra is on the underside of the penis), and increased rates of some kinds of cancers. The alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) used in some detergents and cleaners have been shown to mimic the hormone estrogen; one APE, p-nonylphenol, has caused estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells to multiply in a test tube study.

Environmental

After bubbly cleaning liquids disappear down our drains, they are treated along with sewage and other waste water at municipal treatment plants, then discharged into nearby waterways. Most ingredients in chemical cleaners break down into harmless substances during treatment or soon afterward. Others, however, do not, threatening water quality or fish and other wildlife. In a May 2002 study of contaminants in stream water samples across the country, the U.S. Geological Survey found persistent detergent metabolites in 69% of streams tested. Sixty-six percent contained disinfectants.

The detergent metabolites the USGS detected were members of a class of chemicals called alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs). APEs, which include nonylphenol ethoxylates and octylphenol ethoxylates, are surfactants, or "surface active agents" that are key to detergents' effectiveness. They are added to some laundry detergents, disinfectants, laundry stain removers, and citrus cleaner/degreasers. When discharged in municipal waste water, nonylphenol ethoxylates and octylphenol ethoxylates break down into nonylphenol and octylphenol, which are more toxic and do not readily biodegrade in soil and water. APEs have been shown to mimic the hormone estrogen, and their presence in water may be harming the reproduction and survival of salmon and other fish. For example, in Britain, researcher John Sumpter discovered that male fish exposed to APEs in rivers were producing female egg-yolk proteins. APE pollution may be threatening fish in the U.S. as well, for octylphenol and nonylphenol were the detergent metabolites that the USGS detected in 69% of streams tested here. Such ubiquity may not bode well for humans, either: the APE p-nonylphenol has also caused estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells to proliferate in test tubes.

Another famous water pollutant is phosphates, water-softening mineral additives that were once widely used in laundry detergents and other cleaners. When phosphates enter waterways, they act as a fertilizer, spawning overgrowth of algae. This overabundance of aquatic plant life eventually depletes the water's oxygen supply, killing off fish and other organisms. Although many states have banned phosphates from laundry detergents and some other cleaners, they are still used in automatic dishwasher detergents.

Another environmental concern with cleaning products is that many use chemicals that are petroleum-based, contributing to the depletion of this non-renewable resource and increasing our nation's dependence on imported oil.

The plastic bottles used to package cleaning products pose another environmental problem by contributing to the mounds of solid waste that must be landfilled, incinerated or, in not enough cases, recycled. Most cleaners are bottled in high-density polyethylene (HDPE, denoted by the #2 inside the recycling triangle) or polyethylene terephthalate (PETE, #1) which are accepted for recycling in a growing number of communities. However, some are bottled in polyvinyl chloride (PVC, #3). PVC, otherwise known as vinyl, is made from cancer-causing chemicals such as vinyl chloride, and it forms as a byproduct a potent carcinogen, dioxin, during production and incineration. As a final insult, most sanitation departments do not accept PVC for recycling; less than 1% of all PVC is recycled each year.

Household Cleaning Supplies

THE SOLUTIONS

What to look for

A few safe, simple ingredients like soap, water, baking soda, vinegar, lemon juice and borax, aided by a little elbow grease and a coarse sponge for scrubbing, can take care of most household cleaning needs. And they can save you lots of money wasted on unnecessary, specialized cleaners! For that reason, we've provided recipes for do-it-yourself cleaners under most product categories (See Product Comparisons).

However, when you need the convenience or the added power of pre-made, commercial cleaners, or for the basics like laundry and dishwashing detergents, here are some shopping guidelines to help you choose products with the lowest impact on your health and the environment:

1. Although most cleaners don't list ingredients, you can learn something about a product's hazards by reading its label. Most labels bear a signal word, such as Danger, Warning or Caution, that provides some indication of a product's toxicity. Products labeled Danger or Poison are typically most hazardous; those bearing a Warning label are moderately hazardous, and formulas with a Caution label are considered slightly toxic. If you find them, choose products that are nontoxic enough that they require none of the signal words above on their label. Beside the signal word is usually a phrase that describes the nature of the hazard, such as "may cause skin irritation," "flammable," "vapors harmful," or "may cause burns on contact." Look for instructions on how to use the product, which may help you avoid injury. Some labels do list active ingredients, which may assist you in detecting caustic or irritating ingredients you may wish to avoid, such as ammonia or sodium hypochlorite. A few manufacturers voluntarily list all ingredients.

2. When gauging ecological claims, look for specifics. For example, "biodegradable in 3 to 5 days" holds a lot more meaning than "biodegradable," as most substances will eventually break down if given enough time and the right ecological conditions. And claims like "no solvents," "no phosphates," or "plant-based" are more meaningful than vague terms like "ecologically-friendly" or "natural."'

3. When ingredients are listed, choose products made with plant-based, instead of petroleum-based, ingredients.

4. To reduce packaging waste: Choose cleaners in the largest container sizes available; especially seek out bulk sizes. Select products in bottles made with at least some recycled plastic. By doing so, you support companies that are providing a vital end-market for recycled plastic (without this market, recycling would not be possible). And choose concentrated formulas, which contain only 20% or less water. Because dilution with water is done at home, not at the factory, concentrated cleaners overall require less packaging and fuels for shipping.

What to look out for

Avoid cleaners marked "Danger" or "Poison" on the label, and look out for other tell-tale hazard warnings, such as "corrosive" or "may cause burns."

Avoid products that list active ingredients of chlorine or ammonia, which can cause respiratory and skin irritation and will create toxic fumes if accidentally mixed together.

Protect water quality and aquatic life by refusing to purchase detergents containing phosphates, which may cause algal blooms, or alkylphenol ethoxylates, including nonylphenol and octylphenol. Unfortunately, these ingredients are rarely, if ever, disclosed on labels; however, the brands recommended in this report are, to the best of our knowledge, phosphate- and APE-free.

Beware of unregulated "greenwash" claims on labels! Terms such as "natural" and "eco-friendly" shouldn't be equated with safety unless they're backed up with specific ingredient information, such as "solvent-free," "no petroleum-based ingredients," "no phosphates," etc. "Non-toxic" has no official definition, so unless a third party has verified this claim, it is not considered meaningful. And don't believe "organic" ingredients in cleaning and other chemical products are any safer than other substances. Although "organic" in the grocery store refers to foods grown without synthetic pesticides, in chemistry it refers to chemicals that are carbon-based, including some VOCs (volatile organic compounds) that release harmful fumes and may cause brain damage or cancer.Additionally, watch out for products labeled organic. Household cleaning products aren’t regulated by the Organic Foods Production Act, but some of their ingredients, such as plant oils, can be labeled “certified organic.” For more info, see ecolabels.org.

Be aware that some labels that may make a product appear eco-friendly are actually meaningless. For example, many aerosol spray cans are labeled "no CFCs" (or chlorofluorocarbons, which deplete the ozone layer), leading consumers to believe they are buying a more eco-friendly product by purchasing that brand. In reality, CFCs have been banned from aerosols since 1978, so none are permitted to contain CFCs. And think of all of the resources that would be saved if companies that advertise their packaging as "100% recyclable" actually switched to materials that are "100% recycled!"

Shopping Suggestions

ALL-PURPOSE CLEANERS:

Some all-purpose cleaners contain the sudsing agents diethanolamine (DEA) and triethanolamine (TEA), which can react with nitrites (an often undisclosed preservative or contaminant) to form nitrosamines - carcinogens that readily penetrate the skin. Skin also easily absorbs nerve-damaging butyl cellosolve (also known as ethylene glycol monobutyl ether), present in some cleaners. Fumes from ammonia-containing cleaners may cause respiratory irritation. Sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite (bleach) are highly caustic, and sodium hypochlorite should never be mixed with any product containing ammonia or acids, or toxic gases will result. To prevent chemical accidents, it's best to simply avoid.

Most household cleaning needs can be met safely and inexpensively with a sturdy scrubber sponge and simple ingredients like water, liquid castile soap (such as Dr. Bronner's, below), vinegar, lemon juice, or baking soda for scrubbing grease and grime.

certain cleaning products in your house can be really dangerous to dogs and cats. Products that pose the biggest corrosive or caustic danger threat are:

Drain cleaners
Pool chemicals
Concentrated dishwashing chemicals
Lime-removal products
Oven cleaners
Concentrated toilet cleaners

My general guideline on how to differentiate safer versus more dangerous household cleaners is this: items that smell really bad are typically pretty dangerous. My second tip? If you see the words “CAUTION” versus “DANGER” on the bottle; the word “DANGER” typically means the product is corrosive or caustic, and can cause severe injury to you and your pet.

Corrosive or caustic products can cause chemical burns when ingested or when accidentally exposed to the fur and skin. If your dog or cat is accidentally exposed to these chemicals, it requires immediate first aid care at home and a visit to your veterinarian right away.

Germs found in the home that we need to protect ourselves against.
Micro-organisms are vital to humans and the environment, but some are harmful to us. These are commonly referred to as germs. "Germ" is a catch-all term for these invisible organisms – mainly bacteria, fungi and viruses – which cause disease.
To protect you and your family from germs, hygiene experts say you should focus your cleaning efforts on germ hotspots in the home, such as cleaning cloths, sponges and chopping boards. Find out how to prevent germs from spreading.
Germs mainly enter the home on people, food and pets. Once they're in, they can spread from person to person, or from person to surface and back again (cross-contamination).
Common germs found in the home are:
MRSA (meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus): this is a strain of the common Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. It's resistant to many antibiotics, making the infections it causes difficult to treat. Washing hands with soap and hot water is the most effective way to prevent it spreading.
E. coli 0157: a more dangerous strain of the common E. coli bacterium, usually found in the gut of all healthy humans. It can cause severe intestinal illness. Pay careful attention to hygiene around food and around the toilet, especially if someone has diarrhoea.
Norovirus: also known as the winter vomiting bug. Norovirus is the most common cause of infectious gastroenteritis in England. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and hot water after preparing food and before eating, and especially after using the toilet.
Clostridium difficile: also known as C. diff. This is a bacterium found in the gut of less than 5% of healthy adults. It does not cause any harm to healthy people because of the balance of "good" bacteria in the gut. It's common in the intestine of babies and infants, but does not cause disease because its poisons do not damage their immature intestinal cells. A C. diff infection can cause diarrhoea, which can range from a mild disturbance to a very severe illness with ulceration and bleeding from the colon and, at worst, perforation of the intestine, leading to peritonitis. This can be fatal. Make sure hands are thoroughly washed before and after preparing food, and especially after going to the toilet.
Many of these germs are caught in the home. According to a World Health Organization report in 2003, about 40% of reported food-related outbreaks of infection in Europe occur in the home.
Microbiologist Professor Sally Bloomfield, of the International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (IFH), says that home hygiene does not mean being obsessive about deep cleaning our homes. "Our routine daily or weekly cleaning habits actually have little effect in reducing our exposure to harmful microbes."
She says that most germs are spread on the hands and surfaces that come into contact with hands, cleaning cloths and utensils.
focusing on germ hotspots is more effective at preventing germs spreading than a "once-weekly deep clean".

A FEW TIPS
1. Eucalyptus oil removes the gummy residue left by shop stickers.
2. Buffing a marble tabletop with car polish leaves a thin, invisible film that helps reduce the risk of stains.
3. To remove furniture indentations from pure wool carpet place a tea towel over the area and then press with a warm iron. The heat will lift the fibres. Do not attempt this with synthetic or a wool/synthetic mix carpet.
4. Light a match and let it burn a few seconds to remove toilet smells.
5. To stop bathroom mirrors steaming up, regularly rub a dry bar of soap over the surface and rub in with a clean cloth.
6. Stop clothes with thin straps falling off hangers by sticking small felt furniture pads onto the hanger just beyond where the straps sit.
7. To remove oil from silk clothing, gently rub cornflour into the area and lightly brush off. Cover the oil mark completely with more cornflour and leave to sit for a few hours. Shake clothing free of flour and then hand wash, or use a gentle machine cycle, using soap suitable for delicates.
8. To keep spiders or any other nasty surprises out of shoes you keep outside, (such as your gardening shoes or work boots), place old stockings over the top of them. Make sure the stockings don’t have holes in them, and if they don’t fit snugly over the top, use an elastic band to secure them.
9. To make candles last longer, cover with a plastic bag and place in the freezer for 24 hours before lighting.
10. To keep your car windows ice and frost free when left outside overnight in the wintertime, mix three parts vinegar to one part water, put it in a spray bottle and spray on the windows as needed.
11. To prevent buttons from becoming loose or undone, dab a little clear nail varnish on the top thread or onto the stem of the thread and leave to dry.
12. To remove pollen from the stamen of flowers, take a piece of sticky tape about five centimetres long, gently press the sticky side to the pollen mark and lift off. Repeat with clean sticky tape as required. Do not try to brush it off.
13. To reuse the bits of soap that are always left over, combine them with glycerine and some warm water. Pour into a bottle for a handmade liquid soap.
14. To pick up small fragments of broken glass, press pieces of bread onto the affected area.
15. If you have an aquarium, save the water each time you change it and water your house plants with it. It’s full of nutrients and makes a great fertiliser.
16. To stop ants entering your house, draw a chalk line on the ground where you want them to stop. If you live in a rainy area where ants are a problem, you must re-draw the chalk lines each time it rains.
17. To deter silverfish, place whole cloves in wardrobes and drawers.
18. To get blood out of fabrics, use hydrogen peroxide. Apply it directly to the stain and then launder in the washing machine.
19. To remove body oil stains from collars and cuffs of coloured shirts and blouses, rub hair shampoo directly on the stains. Rinse out the shampoo, then wash the clothes as usual.
20. To revive a vase of wilted flowers, add a teaspoon of mild detergent.
21. Use leftover styrofoam peanuts as great drainage in the bottom of a pot.
22. To stop drawers from sticking, rub a bar of soap across the runners to make them glide smoothly.
23. To prevent ash from flying everywhere when cleaning out a fireplace, use a spray bottle filled with water to cover the ashes with a light mist.
24. To clean the bottom of the iron, sprinkle salt on the ironing board and iron back and forth.
25. To locate light switches in the dark, put a dot of luminous paint on tape and stick to the switches.
26. To keep pinking shears or scissors sharp, cut through a sheet of folded aluminium foil or coarse sandpaper.
27. To leave a room smelling fresh after you have vacuumed, place a few drops of your favourite essential oil (such as lavender or peppermint) near the vent where the hot air is released. The air warms the oil and blows it into the room.
28. To mask unpleasant odors, put some coffee beans in a saucepan and burn them. The smell of coffee will overpower the other nasty odors.
29. To clean a microwave oven, add four tablespoons of lemon juice to one cup of water in a microwave-safe bowl. Boil for five minutes in the microwave, allowing the steam to condense on the inside walls of the oven. Then wipe them with a soft cloth.
30. To clean a stainless-steel sink, put the stopper in the sink with two denture-cleaning tablets and half fill with water; leave for several hours or overnight and the next day it should be sparkling. Then use the water to clean the draining board, too.
31. To remove fingerprints from stainless-steel appliances, place a small amount of baby oil on a napkin and wipe the affected areas. The fingerprints will just wipe away.
32. To remove marker pen off hard surfaces, spray on hair spray and then wipe it off.
33. To remove cat and dog hair from clothes and furniture, rub them with damp rubber gloves.
34. To clean your shower curtain, wash it in the washing machine with about one cup each of vinegar and bleach, some white towels and a normal amount of washing powder. Adding fabric softener will help keep the curtain clean. When the load is done, return the curtains to their place in the bathroom to drip dry. The wrinkles will disappear in a day or so. (Check your washing machine manual to ensure it’s okay to use bleach).
35. To clean glass windows, add about one tablespoon of cornstarch to about one litre of lukewarm water. Wet and a rag or squeegee, remove excessive water and wipe down glass as if using regular glass cleaner. Dry with either a soft cloth or paper.
36. To restore toilet bowls back to their shiny best, clean with old, flat Coke or Pepsi. To dissolve limescale, leave the soda overnight to soak.
37. Use a vacuum cleaner with a brush attachment to clean the tops and creases of Roman blinds.
38. Vacuuming a mattress, particularly along piping and crevices, removes dead skin cells that attract dust mites.
39. Clove oil (sold in chemists for toothaches) kills mould spores. Mix three drops in one litre of water and then use to wipe down areas susceptible to mould.
40. To get rid of the smell of garlic from your hands, rub against stainless steel – your sink is ideal. Then wash hands with soap or detergent.